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FROM AN INVESTIGATIVE JOURNALIST The Indian Anthropological Nadeem Hasnain’s paper is a study on the transformation of Indian culture in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By looking at this transformation, he provides us with information about changes in modernization, migration, urbanization, and modernization. The study analyzes the needs of British colonial society for labor along with their need to maintain control over regions in India by using caste system. His work offers an insight into contemporary issues that are faced by India today such as rural-urban divide, unemployment among educated youth and lack of opportunities in rural areas or lower castes. The attention to rural areas and castes is an interesting study as it gives us a glimpse of those who cannot afford the urban life or those who do not want to move to urban areas. The rural life is portrayed as a negative one where villagers live under the constant threat of an “uncouth” Indian woman. It is said that her husband must be the only thing she has left in life, which makes it hard for her to find a job since single Indian women are not allowed in public. India's caste system started during the Vedic period when people were divided into four classes based on their occupations and hereditary divisions. Members of higher classes, which consisted of Brahmans (priests), Kshatriyas (rulers), Vaishyas (merchants) and Shudras (workers) were the main sources of employment for the lower castes. They were given the jobs like domestic servants and farm labourers. To maintain their social and cultural superiority, Brahmins were castes who had developed a monopoly over religious activities. This meant that they were castes who had control over religious knowledge and could be found in government posts such as leaders in the judiciary and legislature. The British hired hundreds of thousands of Indian workers to work on their colonial projects such as railways, factories and mines. Talking about the motivation for such hiring, Nadeem Hasnain quotes the Secretary of State for India, Lord George Hamilton: "Men will not be hired by the Government as mere laborers. Men must be paid so much per mensem and fed, and if they die must be replaced". According to Nadeem Hasnain, it seems that the British had developed a class of employees who were dependent on them. This class of employees was initially free from any caste distinctions but was eventually seen by the British as unfit for government jobs due to their lack of education." The British administration in India sponsored educational programs mainly in English medium schools that educated only people from upper castes. This meant that the lower castes were left with no education and had to fend for themselves. The British had set up institutions such as the ICS (Indian Civil Service), where most of the jobs were reserved for upper castes and provided preferential treatment and salaries, which "created a class of Indians who had a vested interest in British rule." The study carries on by saying that the economic changes within colonial India had created large-scale migration from rural to urban areas. To quote Hasnain: "The effect of these changes was to create large-scale internal migration in India which, combined with urbanisation, played a key role in reshaping Indian society." This led to an increase in demand for labor in urban areas. 8eeb4e9f32 18